Andrew Huberman explains neuroplasticity, the brain's ability to change in response to experiences, which is crucial for learning and adapting. He highlights that while some brain circuits are hardwired, others are highly adaptable, especially during childhood. After age 25, changing brain connections requires specific processes involving attention and neurochemicals like epinephrine and acetylcholine. Huberman emphasizes that not every experience changes the brain; focused attention is key. He provides practical advice on enhancing focus through visual attention and discusses the role of sleep in reinforcing learning. Techniques like non-sleep deep rest can also aid in learning retention. Huberman underscores the importance of understanding one's alertness cycles and using them to optimize learning.