Osmosis from Elsevier - Medications for Alzheimer disease: Nursing Pharmacology
Alzheimer's disease, the leading cause of dementia, has no cure, but medications can alleviate symptoms. These medications fall into two categories: acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA receptor antagonists. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, such as rivastigmine, galantamine, and donepezil, work by preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter linked to Alzheimer's symptoms. This results in increased acetylcholine levels, potentially improving symptoms but also causing side effects like nausea, diarrhea, and cardiovascular issues. NMDA receptor antagonists, like memantine, block excessive calcium influx in neurons caused by glutamate, reducing neuronal damage. They can cause side effects such as drowsiness and gastrointestinal issues. Both medication types require careful monitoring, especially in patients with certain pre-existing conditions. Before starting treatment, baseline assessments of cognitive and physical health are crucial. Patients should be educated on medication adherence and potential side effects, and regular monitoring should be conducted to evaluate treatment effectiveness.
Key Points:
- Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors increase acetylcholine levels to improve Alzheimer's symptoms but may cause side effects like nausea and cardiovascular issues.
- NMDA receptor antagonists prevent neuronal damage by blocking excessive calcium influx, with side effects including drowsiness and gastrointestinal issues.
- Baseline assessments of cognitive and physical health are essential before starting Alzheimer's medication.
- Patient education on medication adherence and side effects is crucial for effective treatment.
- Regular monitoring of patient's health and treatment effectiveness is necessary.
Details:
1. 🧠 Understanding Alzheimer's Disease
- Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia, affecting millions worldwide.
- There is currently no cure for Alzheimer's disease, emphasizing the need for ongoing research and innovation in treatment approaches.
- Certain medications, such as cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine, can help mitigate symptoms and improve quality of life for patients.
- Early symptoms include memory loss and confusion, progressing to difficulties with language, mood swings, and disorientation.
- The disease typically progresses through stages, starting with mild symptoms and advancing to more severe cognitive and physical impairments.
- Non-drug interventions, such as cognitive therapy and lifestyle changes, can also play a role in managing the disease and supporting caregivers.
2. 💊 Medication Options Overview
- Medications are broadly divided into two primary classes: prescription medications and over-the-counter (OTC) medications.
- Prescription medications require authorization from a healthcare professional and are used for more serious or chronic conditions.
- OTC medications can be purchased without a prescription and are typically used for minor health issues.
- Examples of prescription medications include antibiotics for infections and insulin for diabetes.
- Examples of OTC medications include pain relievers like ibuprofen and cold remedies like decongestants.
- Understanding the classification helps in determining the accessibility and regulation of the medications.