The vertebral column plays a vital role in protecting the spinal cord and providing structural support, flexibility, and range of motion. To maintain these functions, it requires an adequate blood supply and innervation. The arteries of the vertebrae arise from larger parent arteries, varying by the vertebral column's level. In the neck, these include the vertebral and ascending cervical arteries; in the thorax, the posterior intercostal arteries; in the abdomen, the subcostal and lumbar arteries; and in the pelvis, the iliolumbar, lateral sacral, and median sacral arteries. These arteries give rise to periosteal, equatorial, and spinal branches that supply different parts of the vertebrae. Venous blood drains through spinal basivertebral and intervertebral veins, forming plexuses along the vertebral column. The internal vertebral venous plexuses are divided into anterior and posterior sections, while the external plexuses are similarly divided. The vertebral column is innervated by small meningeal branches from mixed spinal nerves, except for the facet joints, which are innervated by articular branches from the medial branches of the posterior rami of spinal nerves. These nerves supply various structures, including the periosteum, ligaments, and blood vessels.